„In the 21st century, the world will return to the foundations of humanity: once again fertile soil, water, food and energy will be listed as important. It is strange that we Hungarians are well-endowed in these resources, while there are sever shortages of them elsewhere.” (Government Programme)

All human beings have a right to adequate resources to cover essential human needs

Today, on Earth, every 6th human being starves, in every 5 minutes someone dies of starvation, the air is polluted in the near vicinity of every 4th person, and citizens of developing countries live relatively healthy lives for a period of approximately only 2/3 of those of developed countries.

In Hungary:

  • 16 percent of people live beyond the poverty level;                    
  • there is too much ammonia in the drinking water of 1.6 million residents;
  • in the homes of nearly 1.5 million residents the arsenic content of drinking water is above permitted levels;  
  • annually 1,000 to 4,000 people contract illnesses that are linked directly to drinking water;
  • average life expectancy at birth is 4 years shorter for men and 5 years shorter for women than the EU average (in 2008 life expectancy for infant boys and girls was 69 and 77 years, respectively);
  • of their entire life span, men spend 55 years in good health, while women live 58 years in good health on average;               
  • more than half the adult population is overweight;
  • 16 percent of the population can be considered „sporty”, while only 9 percent regularly pursues some type of sport;                  
  • Hungarians live only 42 happy years and the rest in unhappiness;

Biophysical needs (air, water, food, sleep, partner, metabolism, personal security, home) are available at a minimum level of quantity and quality for the majority of the population in Hungary. Not so in the rest of the world.

We live in a world, where

  • 40 percent of the population lives on less than 2 USD and 1 billion people lives on even less than 1 USD;
  • 1.1 billion people (every 6th person) does not have access to healthy drinking water; and
  • 5,000 people die every day of polluted water;
  • 200 million people continuously and 900 million people regularly starve;
  • meanwhile 1.5 billion people (the wealthiest 1/5th of the world’s population) rakes in 75 percent of Earth’s total income; and 96 percent of all products and services produced are consumed by the richest 5 percent of the population;
  • 5 billion tons of food is produced annually (an average of 1.95 kg per day and per capita);
  • on the list of the world’s 100 wealthiest business entity 58 countries and 42 global companies are mentioned.

Humans collectively significantly overuse the natural resources as offered by the Earth. During the decades prior to and following the Millennium the so-called global problems (environmental destruction, excessive armament, nutrition and health- related anomalies, lack of water, climate change etc.) place a significant burden on our every day history. During the first decade of the 3d Millennium, the world needs to manage and survive three compounded crisis situations: a financial crisis, a natural resources crisis and a cultural crisis. Any of these singlehandedly can turn into a humanitarian catastrophy and they can affect each other in a multiple fashion. Because of the ongoing (financial, natural and knowledge-related) resource exigencies short-term financial interventionary actions should address the medium-term energy and resource crisis and should target long-term climate-related problems insofar as their political goal is to resolve this multiple crisis situation by peaceful means.

Longstanding ambitions in welfare states (recreation, social achievements, luxury goods etc.) and lifestyle characteristics simultaneously lead to dissent and recurring new needs in developing regions. Desires and needs therefore need to be decisively distinguished.

The best known model to illustrate human needs is the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs represented as a pyramid. At the lower end of the pyramid are basic physical needs and personal security: as long as someone suffers the lack of these, that person is unable to tend to other people’s needs and desires. A hungry child cannot concentrate on learning, a person who lives in a situation of uncertainty, in near freezing conditions or facing a threat of floods cannot feel empathy for the goals of the community. The fundamental goal and principle of any sustainable community or society ought to be that all members therein should be able to satisfy their basic needs. The majority of our living conditions, which conditions correspond to our basic global needs, are the so-called elementary environmental conditions: clean air and water, healthy and adequate food supplies.

The most basic needs are biophysical needs: air, water, food, sleep, partner, metabolism, personal security-cover (i.e. edible foods, clean water, good air, a partner, secure rest). Air, water and foods cannot be substituted with anything and the required amounts cannot be radically reduced either. Other needs such as energy consumption, health services, dwelling, mobility can be partially substituted or reduced. Needs that define our lives to a lesser degree are: security (personal, workplace, property, moral, family, health and resources security), as well as love and social partnerships (friendship, family, loving partnership relations). Last, but not least, self-respect (confidence, self-esteem, respect for others, and being valued), as well as self-realization (morality, creativity, directness, problem solving capability, prejudice free disposition, respect for facts) also belong to the list of human needs and desires. „The equal assurance of these needs for all human beings” is the briefest summation of collective human rights. Beyond the above listed needs, all human expectations amount not necessarily to needs, but desires.

Needs can be satisfied through private initiatives or community services alike. Buildings and infrastructural networks serve the satisfaction of needs and desires in a more efficient, collective way where natural resources for people are not easily accessible. These are generally public services that a given community (state, society or municipality) provides for its members and thereby these services do not need to be individually procured. Since they are public services in nature, access needs to be provided equally to all members of the community. These infrastructural services systems can be operated more efficiently in high-density population areas (cities) than in rural areas; however, this reality needs to be subordinated to equal access in all areas whenever possible.

From the standpoint of sustaining human communities and humanity as such natural and ecological services are just as important as technological services. In other words, natural and ecosystem services are those natural resources and functions that are useful to human communities. Their substitution is often wasteful and unsuccessful. For this reason, protection of the environment is a mandatory task.

In the delivery of infrastructural services, the insitutional development of environmental public services (drinking water supply, sewer services, waste management, inner community green areas maintenance, nature protection and flood protection), energy supply services (electric energy services), as well as health care, public education and social services are all rapidly advancing. Environmentally prone services hinged on infrastructural services surprisingly put pressure only on the local environment, since they shift these burdens onto alternative, less sensitive and less risky ancillary environmental resources. Current infrastructure standards presume that in 20 or 30 years from now, the similar requirements or needs will be sustainable by using the same standards. However, this is not certain at all. Smaller infrastructures are more flexible and have better adaptability characteristics than large service conglomerates. The most frequently pronounced advantages (such as safety) of large-scale, ever-growing infrastructural systems’ regardless of population size, however, can be their drawback as well. The operational and delivery safety of such larger systems are controlled at several levels, however, whenever unforeseen circumstances, breakdowns, or other emergencies occur, environmental risks can be more serious both because of its larger scale and with respect to the number of people effected. Based on human rights principles, access to public services by those eligible for such services needs to be equally guaranteed. The man-made infrastructure, on the other hand, can vary considering the size of the community served and the given community’s ecosystem services.

All people have a right to life and to secure and dignified living circumstances (a place to live, access to human community, food and drink). This means that it is necessary to secure

  • a healthy food supply and a high-level of varied choice with respect to food intake, as well as the controll of fertile soil resources and a strong oversight of forests (e.g. by maintaining such resources as national property);
  • the supervision and oversight of the water supply and water management to reduce possible risk factors;
  • the reduction of energy dependence as displayed by individual users, communities, and nations;
  • the strengthening of disaster management services.

Climate change and irresponsible, environment-damaging behavior – may those be consumer-related or a direct result of irresponsible executive decisions – can severely impact upon our human rights, indeed on other people’s human rights as well.

{Related: Arcticle 29} All people shall have a right and obligation to act responsibly, in other words, to act in accordance with the interests of the community they are a part of. A person has obligations towards his or her community, indeed for the sustenance of his or her community. Human beings are social beings; the free and full development of personality is not possible without communities. In the practicing of rights and freedom, there can be no other restrictions than respect for other people’s rights and/or the social and moral principles placed upon us by democratic society, its public order and general welfare, the maintenance of which is the obligation of all citizens.

In addition to individual needs, people have community (social) needs as well, which only adequate sized and functional communities can provide for them. If there are no people around us, we are not praticing an interactive social existence and could become alienated beings in our own communities. In stable communities, common law based on precedence and in societies the legal code makes our relationships and situations predictable. In communities where achievements and performance in the interest of the community are not valued, families and small associations can become alienated and estranged as well, trying to rid itself of all natural requirements that legal and commercial regulations do not make compulsory for them.

Community and societal needs are a lump sum of partly individual needs projected to the community level, and on the other hand, of the functioning community’s set of conditions to survive and develop. Living communities are depositories of a multitude of cultural values. Within residential communities it is imperative to preserve cultural diversity as these different values provide the fiber of local communities. The practical cooperation of communities based on common values and diversity is important from the viewpoint of our Earth’s nurturing environment as well. Society, being a community of people, in the long term, has a lifelong interest in developing a sustainable environment for all of us.

Hungary belongs to one of 18 countries in the world with a population decline. During the past 20 years, domestic population declined by 5 percent. Only 4 percent of all families are considered large families in Hungary, but 25 percent of all children live within these large families. At the same time, in the other 168 countries on our planet rapid population growth can be experienced. Each day, there are 210 thousand additional people living on Earth and every second, there are 2 or 3 more human beings born to this world. Hungarian people should consider and understand simultaneously the effects of global overpopulation and the process and consequences of a declining population in Hungary.

In certain places, particularly in Europe, including Hungary, the population has been declining for decades now, which seriously threatens the social welfare providing systems’ functioning integrity, such as pension and health care services. All regulatory decisions (legislations) brought in changing the magnitude and direction of such services should be determined by the social community that receives those services. Global overpopulation cannot be contained by an aging population locally and particularly cannot be dealt with if the number of live births is declining in our society. For a given region’s, county’s or locality’s leading officers sustainable development must be the community’s prerogative. These strategic goals and policies can be coordinated and matched against global demographic explosion and local demographic crisis traps (demographic erosion) on the principle of subsidiarity. In the interest of preserving social accomplishments (pensions and pension-like welfare servicesand the multitude of subsidized public services) – to the extent that these are necessary for the sustenance of society – steps should be taken to provide short-term, medium-term, and long-term economic growth, particularly the amelioration of employment opportunities.

Earth’s ability to support people – i.e. how many people can live on it – is unkown, but certainly cannot grow without limitations. The majority of the activities of modern human beings decreases the supporting capability of our planet, for example through environmental pollution and/or damaging long-term sustainability of renewable energy sources. Population growth is sustained, after all, by invoking newer and more resources. People can still consume an increasing amount of materials, living organisms and phenomena as additonal resources. The resource-developing capacity and quick learning curve of human beings (by changing needs and being adaptable etc. in order to maximize the utilization of newer and more resources, they (humans) can shape global existence on Planet Earth to their liking, which (Planet Earth) probably cannot adapt to these changes at the same speed.

The transformation of the environment – at a scale currently experienced on Earth – is faster than any transformation was during the ice age and is probably just as rapid as the transformantion caused by the crash of an alleged asteroid between the Cretian and Tertiary periods, which according to some theories caused spectacular changes on Earth, including the death of several living species, and even entire classes of animals and plants going extinct. Under these changing conditions, today, the survival of several living species are threatened, particularly those with a narrow capacity to survive. Meanwhile, those that have a capacity to adapt or transform themselves and those that are capable of utilizing varied resources are likely to survive and prosper.

Environmental risks: poisons and disasters

People – as biological and conscious living beings – have not adapted to the environment, in which the majority of us now live. Humans have not been able to adapt fully, therefore a changing environment constitutes a threat to them as it is unfeasible and/or not optimal (dangerous and unhealthy) to them. The byproducts of our new resources and their side effects are also often unhealthy or poisonous. Because of the natural side effects of our intensive human activities, due to their large volume, the ecosystem cannot re-use and/or keep it recycled. Infrastructures are destined to replace deficient ecosytem functions.

Sustainable society can be described by peace and security, which is based on human dignity. According to our current knowledge, the developed world’s average living standards and quality of life cannot be achieved for all of the 6.7 billion people living on Earth. Inequality is a source of conflict in itself, as the scale of those inequalities gradually increases. Leaving the already pinpointed and acnowledged segregational problems intact, there cannot be any improvement in our security. For the sake of societal security, it is necessary that more and more people should be able to live in satisfactory (human like) conditions, they should be able to utilize resources acquired in their immediate vicinity that they live in, and where external environmental damages (which are not paid for by those who caused them and, instead, they are passed on to others) ought to be limited.

Among modern, aggressivity-prone conflicts, environmental conflicts have also appeared: causing unsustainable living conditions due to the imperfect security of our drinking water, our energy needs, various waste management challenges, security issues impacting our food supply, chemical waste security, and climate change.

Overused natural resources and natural phenomena changing due to human activity leads to processes that create emergency situations. Intensive de-forestation around the upper section of large riverbeds could cause intense flooding, which in turn could cause with high erosion in the lower portion of rivers along with all paid or unpaid expenses. Due to climate change, inhabited sea coastlines can end up being under water in a few years. Human mobility and the standardization and transformation of natural ecosystems could result in new pests, pathogens and highly invasive species proliferating in those areas.

During the recognition, acceptance or refusal of environmental risks, one needs to take into consideration the local social-environmental picture. Risk bearing capacities can be increased by growing every day subsistence challenges and traditonally accepted (or not accepted) low living standards (the so-called risk bearing tradition). In the lowering of the sense of environmental risk, the economic (business) sphere can often be motivated, while the scientific and civil communities are likely to stress such factors. Global competition will send labor opportunities to places (to the extent that is transferable) where the local environment and the domestic labor force can equally be fully exploited. These businesses are often responsible for environmental damages that frequently jeopardize local residents as well, while the cost of repairing any such damages due to not being to readily identify the perpetrator will likely be passed on to government budgets.

Renewable resources due to natural processes will be periodically reproduced without any human intervention (forests, wildlife, fish, soil, water, wind, solar energy). The space of reproduction will determine re-usability capacity and the degree of utilization (beyond this level qualifies as overutilization). The existence or assurance of regeneration means that long-term regeneration is the only constraint to the use of renewable energy sources. Developers of renewable energy sources cannot overexploit or force these processes as the subject resources might end up being used up alltogether (e.g. soil farmers or foresters always need to re-invest some of the profits they gained to assure continued exploitation of the same).

Sustainable water management issues constitute fundamental, critical strategic dilemmas. Water resources are an essential part of permanent state assets. Hungary due to its special geographical situation possesses significant water resources: our fresh water resources are abundant in European comparison, our below surface water resources (drinking water supply) are replenished to the tune of 2 billion cubic meters annually, thereby significantly exceeding consumption. The country’s water supply is estimated at 118 billion cubic meters annually, which natural resource depends somewhat on activities exerted by neighboring countries on their own water reservoir areas.

Non-renewable resources theoretically cannot be replenished, or are being reproduced over more than 100 thousand years. In practice, however, renewable cork, water that can be cleaned through special filters, and below-the-surface heat eminating from the core of the Earth, which cools very slowly, can be considered true renewable resources. Organical (e.g. vegetable-based) coal that can be converted to top soil and its conversion to minerals in 5-to-10 millon years (biochemical and geochemical conversion to coal) can be labeled as „renewable resource beyond time”, which in essence is the same as being non-renewable. The possession of finite resources typically indicates a position of advantage versus renewable resources as the investments necessary for the sustenance of renewable resources are not always greeted with enthusiasm and ownership rights are often unclear. Among the industrial technologies used for both renewable and non-renewable resources there are several (e.g. nuclear energy, chemical industry, motorization and shipping) that could cause local catastrophies and environmental damages in a global scale. Traditional manual production activities can also be polluting and health-damaging activities. Metal manufacturing and the work of tanners (skinners) were also environmentally polluting activities. Traditional dyers in India work with poisonous materials and their shops and factories emit materials that poison the soil, water and air. Therefore „traditional” in itself does not always mean „environmentally friendly”. However, in most cases, it still does.

Mineral resources (minerals, carbohydrates) are largely non-renewable resources; hence they can be exhausted over time. Based on the principle of substitutability, non-renewable resources should be replaced by renewable ones and/or other forms of capital resources in case they had been used up. Users of non-renewable energy resources, however, essentially never pay for the cost of replacement and/or substitution, they pass those on to others and future generations. These expenses that are never paid by users are called external costs or costs transferred to external (associate) users.

Coal (lignite, brown coal), crude oil and natural gas are Hungary’s non-renewable fossil energy resources. Because of their special properties their exploitation is expensive. The discovery of new exploitation sites and stocks cannot be expected. If Hungary’s energy resources mix and consumption rate stay the same, the country’s fossil-based energy resources will be exhausted in 20-50 years. It is possible to avoid this fate by decreasing fossil-based consumption, while increasing energy investments in the development of renewable, alternative sources.

The goals of sustainable development are fundamentally unchanged in terms of time (projected over historical ages); and they partly depend on what type of human entity (international organization, state, residential community etc.) will conceptualize them. Medium-range political goals of sustainable development (4 years) can hardly be ascertained, but with the help of harmonized economic-legal regulators, they can be achieved in the long term.

To develop sustainable development, several basic concepts and values were established both within the framework of the United Nations and within the European Union. The most important ones correspond to human rights and can be derived from such values:

  • The chances of survival for Present and Future generations. The goal of sustainable development is the preservation of humans (and their communities). The development and environmental needs of current generations need to be satisfied in a way that does not jeopardize the chances of future generations to satisfy their own needs.
  • Social justice and human rights. Fundamental human rights must be ensured for all. Everyone needs to have an equal opportunity to education and learning, and to access information. Everyone’s right to dignity and proper living conditions need to be recognized.
  • The ability of the environment to support us, natural resources, biological diversity. We need to manage our natural resources in a sustainable fashion, we need to consider the limitations of our environment’s ability to sustain us. In more concrete terms: the judicial and prudent use of our natural resources, reduction of waste that we produce, the recycling of natural and man-made materials, and finally, protection of nature’s diversity.
  • The harmony and subsidiarity of policies. Policies need to be developed, evaluated and carried out in accordance with our best knowledge and in consideration to all those effected. During this process, economic, social and environmental factors need to be weighed and their interdependence needs to be considered as well.
  • Protection of local values. We need to make every effort to procure resource needs of a community locally, from local sources, and to resolve all environmental problems locally as well. Caution should be exercised to avoid the exportation of environmental problems to other regions and/or countries. Unique and essential local characteristics of any community need to be sustained, protected and preserved.
  • Information and social participation. All citizens need to have proper access to the social and economic fabric of society, to public decisonmaking processes, and to solid information on evironmental facts.
  • Social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility needs to be strengthened and proper dialogue needs to be encouraged between private and public participants in society. In order to promote sustainable development and higher living standards the non-sustainable forms of productioon and consumption both need to be curtailed.
  • The principles of precautionary approches and preventive thinking. Applying measured and cautious approches means that we should not interfere with environmental laws when the impact and outcome of our actions are yet unkown and/or cannot be assessed ahead of time. All human acitivity needs to be planned and coordinated based on the principle of cautionary approaches and whenever possible unwanted consequences need to be prevented, – and where this is not possible –any environment-damaging acitivity posing a threat to ecosystems and human health need to be reduced to a minimum, especially in the case of significant and/or irreversible intervention.
  • The responsibility of polluters (the principle of user pays, consumer pays). Prices need to reflect the cost of all activities that are associated with consumption and production and their regular and acute effects on society, including the cost of using natural resources. Any actor causing environmental damages or environmental pollution need to bear costs and responsibilities to the largest possible extent as well as the financial consequences of environmental burdens (whether it is a routine environmental load – e.g. waste management – or a one-time accident).

The primordial cause of unsustainability is primarily a moral one: the privatization of gains and the spreading of costs and burdens onto society. The most important obstacles to sustainable development are the following human misperceptions: „limits of growth are infinite”, „an improvement in efficiency will correct the problem”, „growth does not necessarily entail an overload of the environment” etc. Unfortunately these common misconceptions have often been impossible to dispel: „…despite all perceptions to the contrary, the success of humanity will depend not on the quantity of our economic wealth, but the growth of our intelligence and emotional capability”. (P. Teilhard de Chardin)

Environmentally conscious behavior

In order to bring about sustainable development, products and services need to be delivered in a manner that is worthy of our human existence and worthy of humanity as a whole. Furthermore, these products need to be designed so that during their life cycle (exploitation of raw materials, maintenance of production tools, processing, consumption, utilization, and final disposal of the same) they will exert the smallest possible burden on the environment. The natural resource needs of production need to be gradually reduced, while on the flip side, human resources needs of the same need to be moved to the forefront. This can be accomplished by increasing eco-efficiency measures and on the other hand, by developing waste management methods and/or localizing economic and business activity by coordinating material and energy utilization schemes and by resorting to more recycled products during production.

Consumption of products needs to be substituted by even more proper consumption of products. That is because high value added and knowledge-based products are generally more customer friendly and environmentally friendly at the same time. The largely capital- and shipping-intensive products, on the other hand, are not environmentally friendly. Labor intensive and knowledge-based products are therefore more attractive.

But the consumption of products can also be substituted by the purchase of services. Purchase (and/or sale) of services involves almost exclusively some type of occupational activity that is derived from the local community. Services utilize the work hours of those who dispose of important skills and thereby harness human resources. For this reason, economies that are built on services sectors are more stable – in case of real demand for such services – while business entities built on raw materials and/or capital needs. The service provider (particularly if he or she has a stake in the service offered as a producer of any of its accessories or production tools) is highly interested in durability and longevity of those products and services.

International commerce is important not only in the promotion of a more varied supply of products and services, but also in the promotion of peaceful relations between nations. The majority of products should be procured not from faraway places, but from local traders in the most direct way possible. It would be optimal if everyone could purchase at least 3/4 of his or her basic services needs from his or her immediate environment (from local counties for example). Not only far away shipping distances, but also a long chain of commercial suppliers can increase environmental pollution and social injustices. A producer can retain only about 40 percent of his or her (final) revenues at the end of a long commercial chain. Shorter supply and trading chains therefore, particularly in the case of basic needs, are essential parts of a sustainable and sustained community.

„Economic development can be sustained at a societal level if it rests on a broad social consensus, and as many people take part in the production of goods and services and enjoy the advantages of those goods and services as possible. Accordingly, under the framework of the European Union and the Lisbon Strategy – the fundamental goal is the unified growth of competitiveness and employment, as well as the reaching of the target level of employment as set by the European Employment Strategy (which means that 70 percent of the population of economically active age has some type of employment).” National Sustainable Development Strategy

Conscious consumption is assisted by built-in environmental expenses, responsible commercial labelling (labels, symbols, logos, signs), social responsibility of both the commercial side and the production side (e.g. through ethical advertising), equal access to information and self-organization by communities.

A long-time aspiration of ethical consumption behavior is to reduce vulnerability of the third world and the undeveloped ex-colonies to the developoed world by providing them with decent pay and earnings opportunities. This is called fair trade. Products manufactured this way carry the „fair trade” label. Those producers who join this effort recognize and validate human rights. They cannot employ slave work, child work, and using their revenues they need to establish schools, drinking water systems, and healthcare institutions. Importers of fair trade stay in close contact with production associations and will always pay reasonable prices for products (even if global prices fall below that level) and they offer credit to producers in a flexible format, while promoting the spread of organic production methods worldwide. Today, the conditions for ethical and responsible procurement procedures are ripe, particularly in the European Union.

During environmentally conscious acquisition, or procurement procedures that weigh environmental considerations (green purchasing), the entity calling for the tender employs environmental factors, in other words it will highlight at least one, but preferable more idetifiable environmental considerations, while describing the subject of acquisiton and its detailed description (technical factors etc.) among the conditions expected of suppliers (e.g. suitability requirements), as well as highlight these factors while responding to the conditions of the acquisition contract etc. During the selection of products and services to be acquired, it is expected that environmental factors be considered during their entire life cycle (i.e. manufacturing cycle, shipping procedures, usage and actuation procedures, conversion to waste) and the tender participant needs to show how and where it selected the least environmentally damaging alternative. Besides environmentally friendly product/sertvice labels, there are other standards that rate environmentally conscious behavioral factors (“lakcímke” certificate, energy efficiency ranking etc.) that could make green acquisitons simpler. According to the logic and practice of green acquisition, it is possible to conduct opportunity-prone procurement procedures. The European Union used this practice to establish its own methodology for responsible public procurements in 2011.

189 member states under the United Nations umbrella created so-called Millennium Development Goals, which were closely geared to human rights. According to this, we all need to eliminate global deep poverty and famine up until 2015; need to extend basic educational opportunities to all; need to help the emancipation of women; need to reduce infant and birthing mother deaths; need to stop and roll back the spread of HIV/AIDS infections and malaria; while we need to validate „good governance” practices in international relations. Of the eight developmental goals, the seventh (we need to ensure environmental sustainability) set further sub-objectives: we will integrate the principles of sustainability into our national policies and programs; will reverse the decline of environmental resources; will cut to half the ratio of those who do not have permanent access to healthy drinking water; and by 2020, we will significantly improve the living conditions of those at least 100 million people who live in slums worldwide.

The fact that humanity has the capacity to make developmental procedures harmonius, or in other words, that it is able to secure the satisfaction of current needs without jeopardizing the possibilities of future generations to do the same, gives hope to all of us.